三峡库区典型粮菜轮作系统施肥管理及环境代价评价

为明确三峡库区两种典型轮作系统的施肥管理现状及其环境代价,随机抽样选取三峡库区腹地涪陵区175个农户进行施肥管理现状调查,从生产力、肥料种类与用量、环境代价和经济效益四个方面进行对比分析榨菜-玉米和榨菜-水稻两种典型粮菜轮作模式,同时设计情景分析,评价优化施肥及新型肥料的施用在降低环境代价方面的作用.结果显示,两个粮菜轮作系统生产力差异不显著,但施肥总量榨菜-玉米轮作系统比榨菜-水稻轮作系统高68.4%,主要原因是玉米种植过程中的氮肥、磷肥和钾肥用量比水稻种植分别高出305kg/hm²、92.3kg/hm²和66.6kg/hm².在施肥过程中,单位收益（每1000元）上榨菜-玉米轮作产生的活性氮损失、酸化效应和富营养化效应分别比榨菜-水稻轮作高147%、73.1%和146%,温室气体效应比榨菜-水稻轮作低38.9%;单位面积（每hm²）上榨菜-玉米轮作体系造成的活性氮损失、酸化效应和富营养化效应比榨菜-水稻轮作体系分别高出44.6%、27.1%和44.1%,而造成的温室气体效应比榨菜-水稻轮作体系低33.3%.运用情景分析方法模拟发现,优化施肥量可以显著的降低环境代价,在优化施肥基础上添加硝化抑制剂可以进一步降低整个轮作体系的活性氮损失、温室气体效应和富营养化效应.本研究为实现源头减量技术防控面源污染提供了理论支撑.     

宁夏灌区不同类型农田土壤氮素累积与迁移特征

在宁夏灌区选择设施菜田（n=4）和水旱轮作大田（n=4）,通过田间多点取样观测和室内分析的方法,研究了2种类型农田土壤氮素累积与分布特点,以及其迁移对浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,设施菜田0~150 cm土壤剖面溶解性总氮（TSN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）和溶解性有机氮（SON）含量都显著高于大田,前者分别是后者的1.5~5.6、1.5~3.4倍和1.6~9.8倍。设施菜田土壤氮素主要累积在0~5 cm和5~20 cm土层,而大田主要在40~100 cm土体。设施菜田和大田土壤溶解性总氮占全氮比例分别在5.4%~11.5%和2.2%~4.9%之间,前者的淋失风险较高。设施菜田各形态氮素累积量表现为SON＆gt;NO3--N＆gt;NH4＋-N,大田为NO3--N＆gt;SON＆gt;NH4＋-N。设施菜田浅层地下水中TSN、NO3--N和SON含量也都显著高于大田,前者平均含量分别是后者的9.5、13.8倍和7.0倍。因此,硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是2种类型农田氮素累积的主要形态,也是浅层地下水污染的重要来源。     

露天采矿爆破振动对民房破坏的旋转森林预测模型

针对爆破振动对民房破坏问题,应用因子分析及旋转森林理论,选取爆破振动幅值、主频率、主频率持续时间、灰缝强度、砖墙面积率、房屋高度、屋盖形式、圈梁构造柱、施工质量、场地条件为影响因素。建立基于因子分析的露天采矿爆破振动对民房破坏的旋转森林预测模型。利用现场实测32组爆破数据作为学习样本进行训练。采用回代估计方法进行检验,误判率为1/32。用另外12组爆破试验数据作为测试样本进行预测。结果表明,就爆破振动对民房破坏而言,灰缝强度、房屋高度、屋盖形式、圈梁构造柱及施工质量与其相关程度较高。用模型所得预测结果的误判率为1/6。     

农户经营杉木林的碳汇供给及其影响因素

基于我国南方集体林区浙江、江西、福建三省202户农户杉木林经营数据,结合已有生长模型,采用生物量转换和扩展因子法, 测算了杉木林生态系统固碳量,并采用修正的Hartman模型,在林地期望价值最大化的决策目标下,估算出了碳汇价格、利率、木材价 格变动对杉木林碳汇供给量的影响.结果表明:①最优轮伐期及碳汇供给量与碳汇价格成正相关,与利率、木材价格成负相关.②在碳汇价格变化情况下,最优轮伐期由大到小依次为,劣等地＞中等地＞优等地,相反,碳汇供给量依次为,优等地＞中等地＞劣等地,劣等地的最优轮伐期和碳汇供给量变动幅度要明显大于中等地和优等地.③利率在7％-8％变动时,优等地的最优轮伐期和碳汇供给量均未发生变化;利率在4％-5％变动时,中等地最优轮伐期和碳汇供给量均未发生变化;而在1％-8％的变动区间,劣等地的最优轮伐期和碳汇供给量均在不断缩短和降低.④当木材价格上升10％或下降10％时,对优等地的最优轮伐期和碳汇供给量均未产生影响;对中等地而言,仅当木材价格下降10％时,最优轮伐期和碳汇供给量均发生变动;而对劣等地而言,木材价格上升或下降都对两者产生影响.研究得出如下结论:碳汇价格、利率、木材价格对杉木林经营最优轮伐期及杉木碳汇供给量有重要影响,在碳汇价格、利率、木材价格变化情况下,不同立地条件的碳汇供给价格弹性、利率弹性、木材价格弹性存在显著差异.立地条件通过影响杉木营林成本和产出量,从而对杉木林经营的最优轮伐期及碳汇供给量产生较大影响,立地条件越差的地块对碳汇供给量越敏感,随着碳汇价格逐步上升、利率和木材价格的逐步提高,碳汇供给变化为劣等地大于中等地和优等地,而碳汇供给量为优等地大于中等地和劣等地.     

Application of optimal harvesting decision model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy

This paper firstly extends the single period forest optimal harvesting decision model to infinite periods,in order to indicate how to determine the optimal rotation period aimed at maximizing forest revenue in all directions when repeat planting and harvesting trees on the same plot of earth till infinite future.The study also analyzes the influence of discounted rates,timber price,harvesting costs,planting costs,and tax on the determination of optimal rotation period;and how the optimal rotation period will change when we introduce the factors of continuously rising timber price and ecological revenue.Secondly,the authors introduce the intergenerational equity principle into the above model to design a resource-exploiting mode which satisfies bom the dynamic efficiency principle and the intergenerational equity principle.Last but not least,the research applies the above model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy and explains the economic theory of institutions such as Government Purchasing Ecological Forest,Tree Compensation,and Forestry Subsidization,which provides a necessary theoretical foundation for future application of these new institutions.Besides,in regard to mis theoretical framework,the authors analyze the necessity of the Natural Forest Protection and Grain for Green projects which are currently being implemented in China.We also point out the emphasis of work to insure the project sustainable and successful.Finally,the research discusses the enterprise’s incentive to over-the-quota harvesting and the government’s means of restricting such behavior,which highlights the fact mat improved supervision and higher penalties are helpful in restricting over-the-quota harvesting.     

我国典型电子废弃物拆解地农田土壤中的多溴联苯醚

选择我国主要电子垃圾拆解地清远龙塘-石角地区作为研究区,以14种多溴联苯醚(Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers,PBDEs)化合物为研究对象,探讨了PBDEs化合物在龙塘-石角地区农田土壤中的含量、同系物组成及空间分布状况,分析了土壤TOC、土地利用方式(水旱轮作)等对农田土壤PBDEs含量特征的影响.结果表明,清远龙塘-石角地区农田土壤中14种PBDEs化合物的总量平均为(19.0±20.1)ng·g-1(以干重计),明显低于来自路边、拆解中心、居民区等表土中的PBDEs含量.研究区农田土壤中PBDEs的空间分布与土壤TOC呈现出一致性特征,当去除TOC的影响后,作为点源的电子垃圾拆解地成为土壤PBDEs分布的关键控制因素.水旱轮作的土地利用方式下,在一个轮作周期内,当轮作为水稻且土壤处于淹水状态时土壤中的PBDEs含量最低.总体来看,农田土壤中的PBDEs动态受土壤水含量、作物种植情况、土壤水旱状态等多因素的综合影响,表现出不确定的变化特征.本文的研究成果对土壤-作物系统PBDEs的行为研究进行了补充,并可为完善现有的土地质量评估体系提供基础资料.     

轮作条件下水稻-土壤系统多环芳烃的动态过程

探讨了在水稻收割-土地闲置-次年再种植水稻的轮作期间,水稻根系-土壤系统中多环芳烃的动态变化情况,尝试分析了轮作状态下水稻根系对水稻土多环芳烃的清除作用及影响因素.结果表明,在轮作期间,水稻根系中的ΣPAHs动态与空气、颗粒物等环境介质ΣPAHs相关性不明显(r0.7,p0.1),与根际土ΣPAHs呈负相关关系(r=0.7,p0.1),与根系表面积呈明显的正相关关系(r=0.8,p0.05).说明水稻根系中的ΣPAHs动态并未依赖于其它环境介质中ΣPAHs的改变,而是根据其生长状况直接吸附和吸收来自土壤的ΣPAHs.从水稻籽粒中ΣPAHs含量看,水稻对土壤多环芳烃的吸收并不影响人类的安全食用.水稻土中的ΣPAHs和活性有机碳含量在水稻进入收割期时都显著降低,经过轮作进入来年的再种植期后,又因为施用有机肥、外源输送等途径使土壤TOC和ΣPAHs增加.     

Design of Optimal Noise Hazard Control Strategy With Budget Constraint

An analytical design procedure to determine optimal noise hazard control strategies for industrial facilities is presented. Its objective is to determine a set of appropriate noise controls to eliminate or reduce noise levels so that workers ‘ daily noise exposure does not exceed a permissible level. From a given noise control budget, engineering controls will be firstly implemented, followed by administrative controls, and then the use of hearing protection devices. Six optimization models are developed and sequentially applied to select appropriate noise controls without exceeding the budget. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed design procedure.     

Modeling the Impacts of Farming Practices on Water Quality in the Little Miami River Basin

Since intensive farming practices are essential to produce enough food for the increasing population, farmers have been using more inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Agricultural lands are currently one of the major sources of non-point source pollution. However, by changing farming practices in terms of tillage and crop rotation, the levels of contamination can be reduced and the quality of soil and water resources can be improved. Thus, there is a need to investigate the amalgamated hydrologic effects when various tillage and crop rotation practices are operated in tandem. In this study, the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was utilized to evaluate the individual and combined impacts of various farming practices on flow, sediment, ammonia, and total phosphorus loads in the Little Miami River basin. The model was calibrated and validated using the 1990–1994 and 1980–1984 data sets, respectively. The simulated results revealed that the SWAT model provided a good simulation performance. For those tested farming scenarios, no-tillage (NT) offered more environmental benefits than moldboard plowing (MP). Flow, sediment, ammonia, and total phosphorus under NT were lower than those under MP. In terms of crop rotation, continuous soybean and corn–soybean rotation were able to reduce sediment, ammonia, and total phosphorus loads. When the combined effects of tillage and crop rotation were examined, it was found that NT with continuous soybean or corn–soybean rotation could greatly restrain the loss of sediments and nutrients to receiving waters. Since corn–soybean rotation provides higher economic revenue, a combination of NT and corn–soybean rotation can be a viable system for successful farming.     

厄尔尼诺灾害的地球动力学解释以及与地质科学的联系

本文从地质力学的理论基础出发,详细地叙述了对厄尔尼诺这一大尺度气象灾害的机制所作的探讨。指出对于地球上任何大尺度的自然现象进行分析、探讨、研究时,都不应忽视地球自转的作用和影响。本文还将海气相互作用与构造体系进行了联系并对全世界地质学与环境生态学界普遍关注的全球海平面变化问题表述了自己的见解。